new time zone definitions
A time zone is an area which observes a uniform standard time for legal, commercial and social purposes. Time zones tend to follow the boundaries between countries and their subdivisions instead of strictly following longitude, because it is convenient for areas in frequent communication to keep the same time.
All time zones are defined equally offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), ranging from UTC−12:00 to UTC+14:00. The offsets are usually a whole number of hours, merely a few zones are first past an additional 30 or 45 minutes, such equally in India, South Australia and Nepal.
Some areas of higher latitude use daylight saving fourth dimension for about half of the year, typically past adding 1 hour to local time during leap and summer.
List of UTC offsets
In the tabular array beneath, the locations that use daylight saving time (DST) are listed in their UTC starting time when DST is not in consequence. When DST is in effect, approximately during leap and summer, their UTC offset is increased past one hour (except for Lord Howe Island, where it is increased by 30 minutes). For example, during the DST catamenia California observes UTC−07:00 and the Uk observes UTC+01:00.
| UTC offset | Locations that do non use DST | Locations that use DST | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| UTC−12:00 | | |||
| UTC−11:00 | | |||
| UTC−10:00 | |  United states of america: Andreanof Islands, Islands of Four Mountains, Almost Islands, Rat Islands (Aleutian Islands, Alaska) | ||
| UTC−09:30 |  French Polynesia: Marquesas Islands | |||
| UTC−09:00 | French Polynesia: Gambier Islands | United States: Alaska (most) | ||
| UTC−08:00 |  Clipperton Island Pitcairn Islands | | ||
| UTC−07:00 |  Canada: British Columbia (northeast), Yukon Mexico: Baja California Sur, Nayarit (most), Sinaloa, Sonora United States: Arizona (well-nigh) | Canada: Alberta, British Columbia (southeast), Northwest Territories, Nunavut (westward) Mexico: Chihuahua (northwest edge) United States: Arizona (Navajo Nation), Colorado, Idaho (near), Kansas (west), Montana, Nebraska (west), New Mexico, Nevada (northeast border), North Dakota (southwest), Oregon (eastward), South Dakota (west), Texas (due west), Utah, Wyoming | ||
| UTC−06:00 | | | ||
| UTC−05:00 | | | ||
| UTC−04:00 | |  Bermuda Canada: Labrador (nigh), New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island Republic of chile (nearly) Greenland: Pituffik Space Base of operations Paraguay | ||
| UTC−03:thirty | Canada: Newfoundland, Labrador (southeast) | |||
| UTC−03:00 | | Saint Pierre and Miquelon | ||
| UTC−02:00 | | |||
| UTC−01:00 |  Cape Verde | | ||
| UTC+00:00 | |  Faroe Islands Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey Portugal (most) Kingdom of spain: Canary Islands Uk | ||
| UTC+01:00 | | | ||
| UTC+02:00 | | | ||
| UTC+03:00 | | |||
| UTC+03:30 |  Iran | |||
| UTC+04:00 | | |||
| UTC+04:30 |  Transitional islamic state of afghanistan | |||
| UTC+05:00 | | |||
| UTC+05:30 | | |||
| UTC+05:45 |  Nepal | |||
| UTC+06:00 | | |||
| UTC+06:thirty | | |||
| UTC+07:00 | | |||
| UTC+08:00 | | |||
| UTC+08:45 |  Commonwealth of australia: Eucla | |||
| UTC+09:00 | | |||
| UTC+09:xxx | Australia: Northern Territory | Australia: South Australia | ||
| UTC+x:00 | | Australia: Australian Capital Territory, Jervis Bay Territory, New South Wales (most), Tasmania, Victoria | ||
| UTC+10:thirty | Australia: Lord Howe Isle | |||
| UTC+11:00 | |  Norfolk Isle | ||
| UTC+12:00 | |  New Zealand (most) | ||
| UTC+12:45 | New Zealand: Chatham Islands | |||
| UTC+xiii:00 | | |||
| UTC+14:00 |  Republic of kiribati: Line Islands | |||
History
The apparent position of the Dominicus in the sky, and thus solar fourth dimension, varies by location due to the spherical shape of the World. This variation corresponds to 4 minutes of time for every degree of longitude, then for instance when information technology is solar noon in London, it is nearly x minutes earlier solar noon in Bristol, which is about ii.5 degrees to the west.[5]
The Royal Observatory, Greenwich, founded in 1675, established Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), the mean solar time at that location, as an aid to mariners to make up one's mind longitude at sea, providing a standard reference time while each location in England kept a different fourth dimension.
Railway time
Plaque commemorating the Railway Full general Time Convention of 1883 in Northward America
In the 19th century, as transportation and telecommunication improved, information technology became increasingly inconvenient for each location to discover its own solar fourth dimension. In November 1840, the Smashing Western Railway started using GMT kept by portable chronometers.[half-dozen] This exercise was before long followed by other railway companies in Great Britain and became known as Railway Time.
Around August 23, 1852, time signals were first transmitted past telegraph from the Royal Observatory. By 1855, 98% of Cracking Great britain's public clocks were using GMT, but it was not made the isle's legal time until August ii, 1880. Some British clocks from this period have ii minute hands, ane for the local time and one for GMT.[7]
On November 2, 1868, the so British Colony of New Zealand officially adopted a standard time to exist observed throughout the colony.[8] It was based on longitude 172°30′ eastward of Greenwich, that is 11 hours 30 minutes alee of GMT. This standard was known as New Zealand Mean Fourth dimension.[ix]
Timekeeping on N American railroads in the 19th century was complex. Each railroad used its own standard time, commonly based on the local time of its headquarters or well-nigh of import terminus, and the railroad's train schedules were published using its ain time. Some junctions served by several railroads had a clock for each railroad, each showing a unlike fourth dimension.[10]
1913 fourth dimension zone map of the United States, showing boundaries very different from today
Charles F. Dowd proposed a system of hourly standard time zones for North American railroads around 1863, although he published cypher on the thing at that time and did non consult railroad officials until 1869. In 1870 he proposed four ideal fourth dimension zones having north–south borders, the outset centered on Washington, D.C., but by 1872 the first was centered on meridian 75° due west of Greenwich, with natural borders such every bit sections of the Appalachian Mountains. Dowd's organization was never accustomed by North American railroads. Instead, U.Southward. and Canadian railroads implemented a version proposed by William F. Allen, the editor of the Traveler's Official Railway Guide.[11] The borders of its time zones ran through railroad stations, often in major cities. For instance, the border between its Eastern and Primal time zones ran through Detroit, Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Atlanta, and Charleston. Information technology was inaugurated on Dominicus, November xviii, 1883, as well called "The Mean solar day of Two Noons",[12] when each railroad station clock was reset as standard-fourth dimension noon was reached inside each fourth dimension zone.
The North American zones were named Intercolonial, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Within a year 85% of all cities with populations over 10,000 (almost 200 cities) were using standard fourth dimension.[13] A notable exception was Detroit (located nigh halfway between the meridians of Eastern and Central time), which kept local fourth dimension until 1900, then tried Central Standard Time, local hateful fourth dimension, and Eastern Standard Time (EST) before a May 1915 ordinance settled on EST and was ratified by pop vote in August 1916. The confusion of times came to an end when standard fourth dimension zones were formally adopted past the U.S. Congress in the Standard Time Act of March xix, 1918.
Worldwide time zones
Italian mathematician Quirico Filopanti introduced the idea of a worldwide system of fourth dimension zones in his book Miranda!, published in 1858. He proposed 24 hourly time zones, which he called "longitudinal days", the commencement centred on the tiptop of Rome. He also proposed a universal time to be used in astronomy and telegraphy. However, his book attracted no attending until long subsequently his expiry.[14] [15]
Scottish-born Canadian Sir Sandford Fleming proposed a worldwide system of time zones in 1876 - run into Sandford Fleming § Inventor of worldwide standard fourth dimension. The proposal divided the earth into twenty-four fourth dimension zones labeled A-Y (skipping J), each one covering fifteen degrees of longitude. All clocks within each zone would be set to the same time equally the others, but differed by 1 hour from those in the neighboring zones.[16] He advocated his organisation at several international conferences, including the International Elevation Briefing, where it received some consideration. The system has not been directly adopted, merely some maps divide the world into 24 time zones and assign letters to them, similarly to Fleming'south organization.[17]
Earth map of time zones in 1928
By about 1900, almost all inhabited places on World had adopted a standard time zone, merely just some of them used an hourly beginning from GMT. Many applied the fourth dimension at a local astronomical observatory to an entire country, without whatever reference to GMT. Information technology took many decades before all fourth dimension zones were based on some standard offset from GMT or Coordinated Universal Fourth dimension (UTC). By 1929, the bulk of countries had adopted hourly time zones, though some countries such as Iran, India, Myanmar and parts of Commonwealth of australia had time zones with a 30-minute offset. Nepal was the last land to adopt a standard first, shifting slightly to UTC+05:45 in 1986.[eighteen]
All nations currently utilise standard fourth dimension zones for secular purposes, but not all of them utilize the concept equally originally conceived. Several countries and subdivisions use half-hour or quarter-hour deviations from standard time. Some countries, such as China and Republic of india, apply a unmarried fourth dimension zone even though the extent of their territory far exceeds the platonic 15° of longitude for one hr; other countries, such as Kingdom of spain and Argentina, use standard hour-based offsets, but not necessarily those that would be determined by their geographical location. The consequences, in some areas, can affect the lives of local citizens, and in farthermost cases contribute to larger political issues, such as in the western reaches of China.[19] In Russia, which has eleven fourth dimension zones, two time zones were removed in 2010[20] [21] and reinstated in 2014.[22]
Notation
ISO 8601
ISO 8601 is a standard established past the International Organization for Standardization defining methods of representing dates and times in textual form, including specifications for representing time zones.[23]
If a time is in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), a "Z" is added directly after the time without a separating space. "Z" is the zone designator for the zero UTC offset. "09:thirty UTC" is therefore represented as "09:30Z" or "0930Z". Likewise, "fourteen:45:15 UTC" is written every bit "fourteen:45:15Z" or "144515Z".[24] UTC fourth dimension is also known every bit "Zulu" time, since "Zulu" is a phonetic alphabet code give-and-take for the letter "Z".[24]
Offsets from UTC are written in the format ±hh:mm, ±hhmm, or ±hh (either hours ahead or behind UTC). For example, if the time being described is ane hour ahead of UTC (such as the time in Frg during the winter), the zone designator would be "+01:00", "+0100", or just "+01". This numeric representation of time zones is appended to local times in the aforementioned way that alphabetic time zone abbreviations (or "Z", as above) are appended. The offset from UTC changes with daylight saving time, e.g. a fourth dimension offset in Chicago, which is in the North American Cardinal Time Zone, is "−06:00" for the winter (Central Standard Time) and "−05:00" for the summertime (Central Daylight Time).[25]
Abbreviations
Time zones are often represented past alphabetic abbreviations such as "EST", "WST", and "CST", but these are not part of the international time and date standard ISO 8601. Such designations can be ambiguous; for example, "CST" tin can hateful (Northward American) Primal Standard Time (UTC−06:00), Republic of cuba Standard Fourth dimension (UTC−05:00) and China Standard Time (UTC+08:00), and information technology is likewise a widely used variant of ACST (Australian Primal Standard Time, UTC+09:30).[26]
Conversions
Conversion between time zones obeys the relationship
- "time in zone A" − "UTC outset for zone A" = "time in zone B" − "UTC starting time for zone B",
in which each side of the equation is equivalent to UTC.
The conversion equation can be rearranged to
- "time in zone B" = "fourth dimension in zone A" − "UTC beginning for zone A" + "UTC offset for zone B".
For example, the New York Stock Exchange opens at 09:30 (EST, UTC starting time= −05:00). In California (PST, UTC get-go= −08:00) and Bharat (IST, UTC start= +05:30), the New York Stock Exchange opens at
- time in California = 09:xxx − (−05:00) + (−08:00) = 06:30;
- fourth dimension in India = 09:30 − (−05:00) + (+05:thirty) = twenty:00.
These calculations go more complicated almost the time switch to or from daylight saving time, as the UTC first for the area becomes a function of UTC time.
The time differences may likewise result in different dates. For example, when information technology is 22:00 on Monday in Arab republic of egypt (UTC+02:00), it is 01:00 on Tuesday in Pakistan (UTC+05:00).
The table "Time of day by zone" gives an overview on the time relations between different zones.
| Time of day by zone | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UTC offset | Monday | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| UTC−12:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | ten:00 | xi:00 | 12:00 | xiii:00 | 14:00 | 15:00 | sixteen:00 | 17:00 | 18:00 | xix:00 | 20:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 |
| UTC−xi:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | 10:00 | xi:00 | 12:00 | xiii:00 | 14:00 | 15:00 | xvi:00 | 17:00 | 18:00 | 19:00 | xx:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 |
| UTC−10:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | 10:00 | 11:00 | 12:00 | 13:00 | 14:00 | 15:00 | 16:00 | 17:00 | eighteen:00 | 19:00 | 20:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 |
| UTC−09:30 | 02:thirty | 03:thirty | 04:thirty | 05:30 | 06:30 | 07:thirty | 08:30 | 09:thirty | 10:30 | 11:thirty | 12:30 | 13:30 | fourteen:thirty | 15:30 | 16:xxx | 17:30 | 18:xxx | 19:30 | twenty:30 | 21:30 | 22:thirty | 23:30 | 00:30 | 01:30 |
| UTC−09:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | x:00 | 11:00 | 12:00 | 13:00 | xiv:00 | 15:00 | sixteen:00 | 17:00 | 18:00 | 19:00 | twenty:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 |
| UTC−08:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | 10:00 | xi:00 | 12:00 | 13:00 | 14:00 | 15:00 | xvi:00 | 17:00 | 18:00 | xix:00 | 20:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 |
| UTC−07:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | 10:00 | 11:00 | 12:00 | xiii:00 | 14:00 | 15:00 | 16:00 | 17:00 | eighteen:00 | nineteen:00 | 20:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 |
| UTC−06:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | 10:00 | eleven:00 | 12:00 | xiii:00 | xiv:00 | fifteen:00 | xvi:00 | 17:00 | 18:00 | nineteen:00 | 20:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 |
| UTC−05:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | 10:00 | xi:00 | 12:00 | xiii:00 | 14:00 | fifteen:00 | sixteen:00 | 17:00 | 18:00 | 19:00 | xx:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 |
| UTC−04:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | 10:00 | eleven:00 | 12:00 | 13:00 | 14:00 | 15:00 | xvi:00 | 17:00 | eighteen:00 | nineteen:00 | xx:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 |
| UTC−03:xxx | 08:30 | 09:30 | 10:xxx | 11:xxx | 12:thirty | thirteen:30 | 14:30 | fifteen:xxx | sixteen:30 | 17:xxx | 18:xxx | xix:thirty | 20:30 | 21:thirty | 22:30 | 23:30 | 00:thirty | 01:thirty | 02:30 | 03:30 | 04:30 | 05:30 | 06:30 | 07:30 |
| UTC−03:00 | 09:00 | x:00 | xi:00 | 12:00 | 13:00 | 14:00 | xv:00 | 16:00 | 17:00 | 18:00 | nineteen:00 | xx:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 |
| UTC−02:thirty | 09:30 | 10:30 | 11:30 | 12:30 | 13:30 | xiv:30 | 15:30 | 16:30 | 17:30 | 18:30 | xix:30 | 20:xxx | 21:thirty | 22:30 | 23:30 | 00:30 | 01:xxx | 02:xxx | 03:30 | 04:30 | 05:30 | 06:30 | 07:30 | 08:30 |
| UTC−02:00 | 10:00 | 11:00 | 12:00 | 13:00 | 14:00 | 15:00 | 16:00 | 17:00 | 18:00 | 19:00 | 20:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 |
| UTC−01:00 | 11:00 | 12:00 | 13:00 | 14:00 | xv:00 | 16:00 | 17:00 | 18:00 | 19:00 | 20:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | 10:00 |
| UTC+00:00 | 12:00 | 13:00 | 14:00 | 15:00 | 16:00 | 17:00 | xviii:00 | 19:00 | twenty:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | 10:00 | 11:00 |
| UTC+01:00 | 13:00 | 14:00 | 15:00 | xvi:00 | 17:00 | xviii:00 | 19:00 | 20:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | ten:00 | xi:00 | 12:00 |
| UTC+02:00 | 14:00 | 15:00 | 16:00 | 17:00 | 18:00 | nineteen:00 | 20:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | x:00 | eleven:00 | 12:00 | 13:00 |
| UTC+03:00 | xv:00 | sixteen:00 | 17:00 | 18:00 | xix:00 | 20:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | 10:00 | xi:00 | 12:00 | xiii:00 | 14:00 |
| UTC+03:30 | fifteen:30 | sixteen:thirty | 17:30 | xviii:30 | xix:xxx | 20:thirty | 21:30 | 22:30 | 23:xxx | 00:thirty | 01:xxx | 02:30 | 03:30 | 04:30 | 05:xxx | 06:thirty | 07:xxx | 08:30 | 09:30 | 10:thirty | eleven:30 | 12:30 | 13:xxx | 14:30 |
| UTC+04:00 | 16:00 | 17:00 | 18:00 | nineteen:00 | 20:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | 10:00 | eleven:00 | 12:00 | 13:00 | fourteen:00 | 15:00 |
| UTC+04:30 | 16:xxx | 17:30 | eighteen:30 | nineteen:thirty | xx:thirty | 21:30 | 22:30 | 23:30 | 00:thirty | 01:30 | 02:xxx | 03:xxx | 04:thirty | 05:30 | 06:xxx | 07:30 | 08:30 | 09:30 | ten:30 | 11:30 | 12:xxx | thirteen:30 | 14:thirty | 15:30 |
| UTC+05:00 | 17:00 | 18:00 | 19:00 | 20:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | ten:00 | 11:00 | 12:00 | 13:00 | fourteen:00 | 15:00 | sixteen:00 |
| UTC+05:30 | 17:xxx | 18:30 | 19:30 | twenty:30 | 21:30 | 22:30 | 23:thirty | 00:30 | 01:30 | 02:30 | 03:xxx | 04:30 | 05:30 | 06:30 | 07:30 | 08:30 | 09:30 | 10:thirty | 11:30 | 12:30 | 13:30 | 14:30 | xv:30 | 16:xxx |
| UTC+05:45 | 17:45 | 18:45 | 19:45 | 20:45 | 21:45 | 22:45 | 23:45 | 00:45 | 01:45 | 02:45 | 03:45 | 04:45 | 05:45 | 06:45 | 07:45 | 08:45 | 09:45 | 10:45 | 11:45 | 12:45 | 13:45 | 14:45 | 15:45 | 16:45 |
| UTC+06:00 | 18:00 | 19:00 | 20:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | 10:00 | 11:00 | 12:00 | 13:00 | 14:00 | 15:00 | 16:00 | 17:00 |
| UTC+06:xxx | 18:30 | xix:30 | 20:30 | 21:30 | 22:xxx | 23:xxx | 00:thirty | 01:30 | 02:30 | 03:thirty | 04:30 | 05:thirty | 06:thirty | 07:30 | 08:xxx | 09:30 | 10:30 | 11:30 | 12:xxx | 13:thirty | xiv:xxx | xv:30 | xvi:30 | 17:30 |
| UTC+07:00 | nineteen:00 | xx:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | 10:00 | eleven:00 | 12:00 | 13:00 | xiv:00 | 15:00 | xvi:00 | 17:00 | 18:00 |
| UTC+08:00 | 20:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | 10:00 | 11:00 | 12:00 | thirteen:00 | fourteen:00 | 15:00 | sixteen:00 | 17:00 | 18:00 | 19:00 |
| UTC+08:45 | 20:45 | 21:45 | 22:45 | 23:45 | 00:45 | 01:45 | 02:45 | 03:45 | 04:45 | 05:45 | 06:45 | 07:45 | 08:45 | 09:45 | 10:45 | xi:45 | 12:45 | 13:45 | 14:45 | xv:45 | sixteen:45 | 17:45 | 18:45 | nineteen:45 |
| UTC+09:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | 10:00 | 11:00 | 12:00 | thirteen:00 | 14:00 | xv:00 | 16:00 | 17:00 | xviii:00 | nineteen:00 | twenty:00 |
| UTC+09:30 | 21:xxx | 22:xxx | 23:30 | 00:xxx | 01:30 | 02:thirty | 03:30 | 04:thirty | 05:30 | 06:30 | 07:30 | 08:thirty | 09:30 | 10:30 | xi:thirty | 12:thirty | 13:xxx | 14:30 | xv:30 | 16:30 | 17:30 | 18:30 | xix:30 | xx:30 |
| UTC+x:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | ten:00 | xi:00 | 12:00 | thirteen:00 | 14:00 | 15:00 | xvi:00 | 17:00 | 18:00 | 19:00 | 20:00 | 21:00 |
| UTC+x:30 | 22:30 | 23:30 | 00:30 | 01:30 | 02:30 | 03:30 | 04:30 | 05:30 | 06:30 | 07:30 | 08:30 | 09:30 | x:thirty | xi:30 | 12:30 | 13:xxx | 14:30 | fifteen:30 | 16:xxx | 17:30 | xviii:30 | 19:30 | 20:thirty | 21:xxx |
| UTC+11:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | 10:00 | 11:00 | 12:00 | 13:00 | 14:00 | 15:00 | 16:00 | 17:00 | 18:00 | 19:00 | 20:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 |
| UTC+12:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | 10:00 | xi:00 | 12:00 | 13:00 | xiv:00 | xv:00 | 16:00 | 17:00 | 18:00 | 19:00 | 20:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 |
| UTC+12:45 | 00:45 | 01:45 | 02:45 | 03:45 | 04:45 | 05:45 | 06:45 | 07:45 | 08:45 | 09:45 | 10:45 | xi:45 | 12:45 | 13:45 | 14:45 | 15:45 | 16:45 | 17:45 | 18:45 | 19:45 | 20:45 | 21:45 | 22:45 | 23:45 |
| UTC+13:00 | 01:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | ten:00 | 11:00 | 12:00 | 13:00 | 14:00 | 15:00 | 16:00 | 17:00 | 18:00 | 19:00 | 20:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 |
| UTC+13:45 | 01:45 | 02:45 | 03:45 | 04:45 | 05:45 | 06:45 | 07:45 | 08:45 | 09:45 | 10:45 | 11:45 | 12:45 | 13:45 | 14:45 | 15:45 | xvi:45 | 17:45 | eighteen:45 | 19:45 | 20:45 | 21:45 | 22:45 | 23:45 | 00:45 |
| UTC+xiv:00 | 02:00 | 03:00 | 04:00 | 05:00 | 06:00 | 07:00 | 08:00 | 09:00 | ten:00 | 11:00 | 12:00 | 13:00 | 14:00 | 15:00 | 16:00 | 17:00 | xviii:00 | nineteen:00 | 20:00 | 21:00 | 22:00 | 23:00 | 00:00 | 01:00 |
| UTC commencement | Tuesday | Wednesday | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Nautical time zones
Since the 1920s, a nautical standard time system has been in operation for ships on the high seas. As an ideal form of the terrestrial fourth dimension zone system, nautical time zones consist of gores of 15° offset from GMT by a whole number of hours. A nautical date line follows the 180th meridian, bisecting one fifteen° gore into two vii.5° gores that differ from GMT past ±12 hours.[27] [28] [29]
Still, in practise each ship may cull what time to detect at each location. Ships may decide to adapt their clocks at a user-friendly time, usually at night, not exactly when they cross a sure longitude.[30] Some ships simply remain on the time of the parting port during the whole trip.[31]
Skewing of time zones
Difference betwixt dominicus time and clock fourth dimension during daylight saving time:
| 1h ± thirty min behind | |
| 0h ± 30m | |
| 1h ± xxx one thousand ahead | |
| 2h ± xxx m ahead | |
| 3h ± 30 m ahead |
DST observed
DST formerly observed
DST never observed
Ideal time zones, such as nautical time zones, are based on the hateful solar fourth dimension of a particular superlative located in the centre of that zone with boundaries located vii.five degrees east and west of the meridian. In practise, however, many time zone boundaries are drawn much farther to the due west, and some countries are located entirely outside their ideal time zones.
For example, even though the Prime number Height (0°) passes through Spain and France, they utilise the mean solar time of 15 degrees due east (Central European Time) rather than 0 degrees (Greenwich Mean Time). France previously used GMT, but was switched to CET (Key European Fourth dimension) during the High german occupation of the country during World State of war II and did non switch dorsum afterwards the war.[32] Similarly, prior to World War Two, holland observed "Amsterdam Fourth dimension", which was twenty minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Fourth dimension. They were obliged to follow German language time during the war, and kept it thereafter. In the mid-1970s holland, equally other European states, began observing daylight saving (summer) time.
One reason to depict time zone boundaries far to the w of their ideal meridians is to allow the more than efficient use of afternoon sunlight.[33] Some of these locations also use daylight saving time (DST), further increasing the difference to local solar time. As a effect, in summer, solar apex in the Spanish city of Vigo occurs at fourteen:41 clock fourth dimension. This westernmost area of continental Spain never experiences dusk before 18:00 clock time, even in winter, despite lying 42 degrees northward of the equator.[34] Near the summer solstice, Vigo has sunset times after 22:00, like to those of Stockholm, which is in the same time zone and 17 degrees farther north. Stockholm has much before sunrises, though.[35]
A more farthermost example is Nome, Alaska, which is at 165°24′West longitude – just due west of eye of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165°West). Nevertheless, Nome observes Alaska Time (135°Due west) with DST so it is slightly more than ii hours alee of the lord's day in winter and over iii in summer.[36] Kotzebue, Alaska, as well well-nigh the same meridian but due north of the Chill Circumvolve, has two sunsets on the aforementioned day in early on August, one soon afterward midnight at the start of the twenty-four hour period, and the other shortly before midnight at the end of the day.[37]
China extends as far due west every bit 73°East, just all parts of it use UTC+08:00 (120°E), then solar "noon" can occur as late as 15:00 in western portions of Prc such as Xinjiang.[38] The Afghanistan-China edge marks the greatest terrestrial time zone deviation on Earth, with a 3.5 60 minutes difference between Transitional islamic state of afghanistan's UTC+4:30 and People's republic of china'southward UTC+08:00.
A visualization of the mismatch between clock time and solar fourth dimension in different locations. In blue areas, clock time lags behind solar time; in red areas, the reverse is truthful. The two are synchronized in the white areas.
Daylight saving fourth dimension
Many countries, and sometimes only sure regions of countries, prefer daylight saving time (DST), also known as summer time, during role of the year. This typically involves advancing clocks by an 60 minutes nigh the get-go of leap and adjusting back in autumn ("spring forrad", "fall back"). Modernistic DST was first proposed in 1907 and was in widespread use in 1916 as a wartime measure aimed at conserving coal. Despite controversy, many countries accept used it off and on since and so; details vary by location and change occasionally. Countries around the equator usually do not discover daylight saving time, since the seasonal deviation in sunlight in that location is minimal.
Computer systems
Many figurer operating systems include the necessary support for working with all (or almost all) possible local times based on the various time zones. Internally, operating systems typically use UTC as their basic time-keeping standard, while providing services for converting local times to and from UTC, and also the power to automatically modify local time conversions at the starting time and end of daylight saving fourth dimension in the various time zones. (See the commodity on daylight saving time for more details on this aspect).
Web servers presenting spider web pages primarily for an audience in a single time zone or a limited range of time zones typically show times as a local time, mayhap with UTC time in brackets. More internationally oriented websites may evidence times in UTC only or using an arbitrary time zone. For example, the international English-language version of CNN includes GMT and Hong Kong Time,[39] whereas the United states of america version shows Eastern Fourth dimension.[40] United states of america Eastern Time and Pacific Time are too used adequately commonly on many Usa-based English-language websites with global readership. The format is typically based in the W3C Notation "datetime".
E-mail systems and other messaging systems (IRC chat, etc.)[41] time-stamp messages using UTC, or else include the sender'due south time zone equally role of the message, allowing the receiving plan to brandish the message's date and time of sending in the recipient's local time.
Database records that include a time stamp typically use UTC, especially when the database is part of a system that spans multiple time zones. The utilize of local time for time-stamping records is not recommended for time zones that implement daylight saving time considering once a year there is a one-hr period when local times are ambiguous.
Calendar systems present normally tie their time stamps to UTC, and prove them differently on computers that are in dissimilar time zones. That works when having telephone or net meetings. It works less well when travelling, because the calendar events are assumed to take place in the time zone the computer or smartphone was on when creating the event. The event tin can be shown at the wrong time. For example, if a New Yorker plans to meet someone in Los Angeles at 9 AM, and makes a calendar entry at ix AM (which the estimator assumes is New York time), the calendar entry volition be at 6 AM if taking the reckoner's time zone. There is likewise an option in newer versions of Microsoft Outlook to enter the time zone in which an event volition happen, simply often not in other agenda systems. Calendaring software must likewise deal with daylight saving time (DST). If, for political reasons, the brainstorm and finish dates of daylight saving time are inverse, calendar entries should stay the aforementioned in local time, even though they may shift in UTC time. In Microsoft Outlook, fourth dimension stamps are therefore stored and communicated without DST offsets.[42] Hence, an engagement in London at noon in the summertime will exist represented as 12:00 (UTC+00:00) fifty-fifty though the event will actually take identify at 13:00 UTC. In Google Calendar, calendar events are stored in UTC (although shown in local time) and might be changed by a fourth dimension-zone changes,[43] although normal daylight saving showtime and end are compensated for (similar to much other agenda software).
Operating systems
Unix
Well-nigh Unix-like systems, including Linux and Mac Bone 10, keep organisation time in time_t format, representing the number of seconds (excluding leap seconds) that accept elapsed since 00:00:00 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) on Thursday, Jan 1, 1970.[44] By default the external representation is as UTC (Coordinated Universal Time), though individual processes can specify time zones using the TZ environment variable.[45] This allows users in multiple fourth dimension zones to employ the same computer, with their respective local times displayed correctly to each user. Time zone information most unremarkably comes from the IANA time zone database. In fact, many systems, including anything using the GNU C Library, can brand use of this database.
Microsoft Windows
Windows-based estimator systems prior to Windows 2000 used local time, but Windows 2000 and later on can use UTC as the basic arrangement time.[46] The organisation registry contains time zone information that includes the offset from UTC and rules that indicate the start and cease dates for daylight saving in each zone. Interaction with the user normally uses local time, and application software is able to calculate the fourth dimension in various zones. Terminal Servers allow remote computers to redirect their fourth dimension zone settings to the Concluding Server so that users run across the correct time for their fourth dimension zone in their desktop/awarding sessions. Final Services uses the server base fourth dimension on the Terminal Server and the client time zone information to calculate the fourth dimension in the session.
Programming languages
Java
While near awarding software volition utilize the underlying operating organization for time zone information, the Java Platform, from version 1.3.1, has maintained its own time zone database. This database is updated whenever fourth dimension zone rules modify. Oracle provides an updater tool for this purpose.[47]
Every bit an alternative to the fourth dimension zone information bundled with the Java Platform, programmers may choose to use the Joda-Time library.[48] This library includes its own time zone data based on the IANA fourth dimension zone database.[49]
Equally of Java 8 there is a new engagement and time API that tin help with converting time zones. Java viii Appointment Time
JavaScript
Traditionally, at that place was very little in the way of time zone back up for JavaScript. Essentially the programmer had to excerpt the UTC commencement by instantiating a time object, getting a GMT time from information technology, and differencing the two. This does non provide a solution for more circuitous daylight saving variations, such equally divergent DST directions betwixt northern and southern hemispheres.
ECMA-402, the standard on Internationalization API for JavaScript, provides ways of formatting Time Zones.[50] Notwithstanding, due to size constraint, some implementations or distributions practise not include it.[51]
Perl
The DateTime object in Perl supports all fourth dimension zones in the Olson DB and includes the ability to become, set and catechumen between time zones.[52]
PHP
The DateTime objects and related functions have been compiled into the PHP core since five.2. This includes the ability to go and ready the default script fourth dimension zone, and DateTime is aware of its ain time zone internally. PHP.cyberspace provides extensive documentation on this.[53] As noted there, the most current time zone database tin be implemented via the PECL timezonedb.
Python
The standard module datetime included with Python stores and operates on the time zone information class tzinfo. The 3rd party pytz module provides admission to the full IANA time zone database.[54] Negated time zone beginning in seconds is stored time.timezone and time.altzone attributes. From Python 3.9, the zoneinfo module introduces timezone management without need for third party module.[55]
Smalltalk
Each Smalltalk dialect comes with its own born classes for dates, times and timestamps, but a few of which implement the DateAndTime and Elapsing classes as specified past the ANSI Smalltalk Standard. VisualWorks provides a TimeZone class that supports up to two annually recurring offset transitions, which are assumed to utilize to all years (same behavior as Windows time zones). Squeak provides a Timezone class that does not support any offset transitions. Dolphin Smalltalk does not support fourth dimension zones at all.
For full support of the tz database (zoneinfo) in a Smalltalk application (including support for any number of annually recurring outset transitions, and support for different intra-year offset transition rules in different years) the third-party, open up-source, ANSI-Smalltalk-compliant Chronos Appointment/Time Library is available for use with any of the post-obit Smalltalk dialects: VisualWorks, Squeak, Gemstone, or Dolphin.[56]
Time in outer space
Orbiting spacecraft may experience many sunrises and sunsets, or none, in a 24-hour menses. Therefore, information technology is non possible to calibrate the time with respect to the Lord's day and still respect a 24-hour sleep/wake cycle. A common practise for infinite exploration is to use the Earth-based time of the launch site or mission control, synchronizing the sleeping cycles of the crew and controllers. The International Space Station normally uses Greenwich Hateful Time (GMT).[57] [58]
Timekeeping on Mars tin can be more than circuitous, since the planet has a twenty-four hours of approximately 24 hours and forty minutes, known as a sol. Earth controllers for some Mars missions have synchronized their sleep/wake cycles with the Martian day, considering solar-powered rover activeness on the surface was tied to periods of light and dark.[59]
See also
- Daylight saving fourth dimension
- ISO 8601
- Jet lag
- Lists of fourth dimension zones
- Metric fourth dimension
- Fourth dimension by country
- Time in Europe
- Fourth dimension zone abolition
- Globe clock
- International Date Line
Notes
- ^ a b Observes UTC+00:00 around Ramadan.[1] [2] [three]
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Further reading
- Biswas, Soutik (Feb 12, 2019). "How India's single time zone is hurting its people". BBC News. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
- Maulik Jagnani, economist at Cornell Academy (Jan fifteen, 2019). "PoorSleep: Sunset Time and Human Capital Product" (Job Marketplace Paper) . Retrieved February 12, 2019.
- "Fourth dimension Bandits: The countries rebelling against GMT" (Video). BBC News. August fourteen, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
- "How time zones confused the earth". BBC News. August 7, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
- Lane, Megan (May 10, 2011). "How does a country modify its time zone?". BBC News. Retrieved Feb 12, 2019.
- "A brief history of time zones" (Video). BBC News. March 24, 2011. Retrieved Feb 12, 2019.
- The Time Zone Information Format (TZif). doi:10.17487/RFC8536. RFC 8536.
External links
-
Media related to Time zones at Wikimedia Commons
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone
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